Location and Size

Capital: Akyem Oda

Land Area: Total land surface area is estimated to be 790.496sq km

MunicipalityMunicipalityBoundaries:

Birim North and Kwaebibirim districts to the North, West Akim to the East, Agona to the South, and Birim South to the West
Municipality.

Weather

Relief and Soil:

The Municipality is almost undulating and hilly, The underlying rock formation is mainly made up of the upper Birimian rocks and Tarkwaian quartzite. These Rocks consist predominantly of volcanic lava, schist, hyalites and greywacke with; minor granite intrusions and normally gives rise to salty clay soil without coarse materials. Available rainfall figures average almost180cm.
Vegetation:

Semi-deciduous forest zone characterized by Triplochiton scleroxylon (wawa), Antaris Africana (Kyenkyen) clorophora excelsa (odum) Ceiba Pentandra (Onyina). There is a forest reserve which is called Esuboni Forest reserve.

Municipality Drainage :

The Municipality is drained by the Birim River. Its major tributaries include Funso, Apetesu, Asikasu, Ahonfra, Akwassua, Nsute, Adim, Tropea and Kasawere. Even though the Birim River system, for a greater part of its stretch in the Municipality is permanent, it has not been put to much Agricultural use. It can be harnessed to serve as a source of pipe borne water to serve most of the communities nearby and for agricultural purposes especially in the dry season.

Climate

The Municipality lies within the wet semi-equatorial climatic zone which experiences substantial amount of precipitation. This is characterized by a bi-modal rainy season with rainfall between 150cm and 200cm reaching its maximum during the two peak periods of May /June and September / October. Average temperature ranges between 25.20C minimum and 27.90C. Relative humidity is about 56 and 70 percent.

Table1.1 Soil Characteristics

Population:

Municipality: The Ghana 2000 Population and Housing Census shows a Municipality population of 179,026.
The Municipality has 8.5% of the total regional population of 2,108,852(2000). Table 2.1 below shows the population figures over the years.

Table 2.1 population static over the year (1960 – 2011)

Source: National population census, 1984. *projected with a growth rate of 2.4%. (The current information is not available).

Age – Sex Distribution
The males account for 48.4% and the females 51.6% of the total population in the Municipality. Table 2.2 Age / Sex Distribution

Labour Force and Dependency Ratio

The age / sex distribution of the Municipality’s population shows that 54.5% fall within the potential labour force (15 – 64). The age dependency ratio of the Municipality is 1: 1.2 indicating that a working adult feeds one extra mouth. On the other hand, economic dependency ratio is 1:1.9 indicating that each worker feeds two mouths. This means that there is pressure on the workers in the area who are not able to save and invest to improve the local economy.

Population Density

The Municipality has a potential land size 790.49 sq. Km. This gives it a population density of 119 persons per square kilometer which is higher than the population density for the region which is 109 persons per square kilometers..

Table 2.3 Summarized Demographic Characteristics of the Municipality

Economic Development

Several activities take place in the Municipality that goes a long way to contribute to its economic development. Agriculture, food processing, commerce, especially trading, lumbering, and small – scale mining are  major economic activities in the Municipality. It provides employment for about 60 % of the active working population. In Akim Oda, however, the baseline survey conducted by Kesse – Tagoe and Associate in 1998 revealed that the majority of the labour force (40%) is engage in commerce. The public service employs 35%, Agriculture 10% and industry 5%. This reflects the urban characteristic of Akim Oda, being the Municipal capital, as well as the commercial and administrative center.

Agriculture

Crop Farming

Farms in the Municipality are, on the average, small in sizes and farm holdings are scattered. The average farm size per farmer is about 0.4 hectare. Agricultural production is near subsistence with very few of the farmers engaged in plantation farming. Majority of the farmers are involved in crop farming and the main crops cultivated are:

Starchy, Staples Like Cassava, Cocoyam, and Plantain,
Vegetables like Tomatoes, Okro, Garden Eggs, Pepper, and Cabbage.
Tree crops like Oil Palm, Cocoa, and Citrus
Cereals like Maize and Rice.

Land Tenure System:

Rent or hiring from landowners (lease);

Mortgage

Stool lands or inheritance from family
Shared cropping (abunu and abusa)

Plots and Farm Sizes

A feature identified in the Municipality during the baseline survey was the multiplicity of plots of land per farmer. These plots of land, all small in size, were scattered over the area, often at considerable distance from one another. A greater percentage of the farmers have 2 or more farm plots with farm sizes ranging between 0.4 -5 hectares.
Such distribution of farm holdings in different places means farmers do not practice block farming. The small farm size constitutes a remarkable barrier to agriculture and makes efficient production difficult, as it does not encourage the establishment and maintenance of economic layout. Variation in the size of farms occupied by individual families at different stages in their life is also not provided like mechanization, irrigation, etc on farms, which are small in size.

Types of Crops Cultivated

Crop production is mainly traditional and generally near subsistence level as majority of the farmers do not have access to machinery for farming. Maize is planted twice during the year, that is, during the major and minor seasons. Major crops produced in the area are shown in the table below:

MAJOR CROPS AND THEIR PRODUCTION AREAS

A greater percentage of the maize cultivated are harvested when dry, stored in cribs and barns and disposed off in the lean season. The greater part of the maize cultivated is consumed with a little going for the preparation of animal feed.

PRODUCTION FIGURES OF CULTIVATED CROPS

Farm tools

farm implements used are cutlasses, hoes, axes, mattocks, and equipment like spraying machines and prunes. The use of modern agricultural technologies is very limited. Traditional practices such as, slash and burn etc. are still widespread.

Farm Labour

Considering the simple farm tools in use, there is the need for a high degree of manpower. The average age of the farmers ranges between 40 and 72 years.
Farming in the area is, therefore, undertaken by the old people who do not have the necessary energy to work and manage the farms. They depend heavily on household and hired labour. Hired labour is, however, scarce and expensive. Farmers use a combination of household, hired and co-operative labour. The use of hired labour is evident during the peak labour period, especially during land clearing and weeding.
Labour cost is high for most farmers, above their limited resources. As a result of limited financial resources, the farms are not properly maintained and these, in the long run, affect output.

Application of Seeds and Agro-Chemicals

The farmers use two types of seeds. These are local seeds and improved seeds. These seeds are acquired from three main sources, namely, from previous crop harvest, private traders and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
The use of organic manure, chemical fertilizers and other agro-chemicals is on a limited scale though increasing steadily. In the use of fertilizers, for example, over 50% of the farmers do not apply any kind of fertilizers. The types of fertilizers, applied are compound fertilizers (15:15:15) and Sulphate of Ammonia
On the use of agro-chemical, few of the farmers apply herbicides (weed killers) pesticides and fungicides. The limited use of agro-chemicals and improved seeds is one of the major causes of low agricultural productivity in the Municipality.

Farm Finance

The principal source of funding for farming activities is from the farmers’ own savings. Other sources are private money lenders, relatives and a limited percentage from the banks.
The role of existing financial institutions and other sources of acquiring credit are minimal though increasing steadily. The limited number of credit facilities is due to the cumbersome procedures and the lack of collateral demanded by the banks and the mistrust generated by the failure of some farmers to pay back loans earlier taken. Few farmers in the Municipality, therefore, benefit from credit facilities as most of the farmers cannot meet the requirements for obtaining loans. There is a strong desire among farmers to have access to credit facilities from sources other than money lenders as the interest rate charged by money lenders are extremely high. Indeed the minimal use of farmers’ associations in the Municipality makes it difficult for farmers to mobilize credit.

Storage facilities

Modern storage facilities such as silos, warehousing with dry facilities, etc, are not in existence in the Municipalityity. The main types of storage facilities in use are the traditional barns, a few improved cribs and roof storage.
Maize is the only grain with an elaborate storage system. Facilities for the storage of other farm products are not available resulting in high post harvest losses. Processing as a means of conserving output is at a very low level and the traditional methods use are not efficient. These compel the farmers to sell their farm produce at low prices during the harvest.

Marketing System

Urban-based middlemen within and outside the Municipality undertake marketing of farm produce. Most of the farmers sell their produce at the nearest local market to these middlemen who in turn send them to other marketing centers especially the Oda market for sale. The use of middle men in marketing agricultural produce is unfavorable to the farmers. Prices of farm produce are therefore, very low especially during harvest time when there is a glut and this serves as disincentive to the farmers. The poor roads to farming areas lead to limited access to the bigger markets, which can offer better price for their crops.

Problems and Constraints

The main problems facing crop farming are

• Low agricultural production
• Low level of technology
• Inadequate number of agricultural extension officers
• Aged farmers
• Shortage and high cost of labour
• Prevalence of pests and diseases
• High cost of farm inputs.
• Limited credit facilities
• Frequent land disputes
• Poor marketing network and facilities
• Low prices of farm produce

Animal Production

Most of the farmers engaged in crop farming also keep livestock. The types of animals reared include sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and poultry. These are reared as supplementary activities to meet part of their protein requirements and also to earn additional income. The animals reared are kept in stys, pens and hen coops. The goats, sheep and pigs are fed through the free grazing method that is grazing on the open vegetation, while the others especially poultry are fed tin enclosed areas. Animal disease is an area of great concern, these include endo-parasites, ecto-parasites, PPR, Gumboro, Newcastle and coccidiossis. Veterinary Services is offered by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in the Municipality.

Marketing/Services Sector
The Municipality has 15 daily markets and 8 periodic markets that are geographically distributed in the Municipality.

Major markets and their market days are shown in the table below

The biggest of these markets is the Akim Oda market. It covers an area of 1.3 hectares.
The area of influence of the market includes the Eastern, Brong Ahafo, Ashanti, and Greater Accra Regions. Major items found on this market includeagricultural and industrial produce.

AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS

There are several agricultural interventions in the form of projects to assist farmers increase their production and subsequently their income. Two of such projects are the Inland Valley Rice Project and the Root and Tuber Improved Marketing Project (RTIMP).

Table below shows a summary of the Inland Valley Rice Development Project for 2010

Root and Tuber Improved Marketing Project.(RTIMP)

The project has constructed a Good Practice Center at Otaipro for the processing of gari.Two groups of processors made up of 38 females and 12 males work at the center. Some of the improved varieties of cassava grown in the Municipality are Apranifi, Bankye haa,and Tech bankye and they have an average production of 12tonnes/acre

Agricultural Extension Services

The main aim of the MOFA Extension Service in the Municipality is to address the felt needs of the farmers and also to assist them to increase agricultural production through the transfer of improved production and post production technologies that would support better living standards. This is normally done through home and farm visits as well as demonstrations. About 68% of farmers have access to extension services. The Municipality is divided into four (4) sub -Zones namely: Akim Oda, Akim Manso, Akim Asuoso, and Akroso

Each sub-Municipality is manned by Municipal Agricultural Officer (MAO). The sub-Zones are also divided into operational areas, which are also manned by Agriculture Extension Agents (AEAs). Hence the average of AEA to farmer ratio in the Municipality is 1:1600.

ZONING OF THE MUNICIPALITY FOR AGRIC MANAGEMENT