BACKGROUND
Administrative capital: Bekwai. The administrative headquarters is Asiwa. It is now one of the 27 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies in Ashanti Region. The Bosome Freho District is located in the rural forest ecological zone of Ghana at the South Eastern part of the Ashanti Region. It is bounded on the north by Bosomtwe and Ejisu-Juaben Municipal as well as water body named Lake Bosomtwe; on the East by Asante Akim South District, South by Adansi South District and Birim North District in the Eastern Region and on the West by Bekwai Municipal and Adansi North District. (Appendix Figure 1-Map). The district covers a land area of 630 square kilometres with the North-South stretch from Bosomtwe District to Adansi South District being the longest. The towns and villages are depicted in picture below. LOCATION AND SIZE The Bosome Freho district is positioned within latitude 6000’N and 6026’N and longitude 1000W and 1030W. It covers a total land area of about 630 square kilometres of the land area of 24,389 square kilometer of Ashanti region representing about 2.6% of the regions total land size. The district land size is located in the south eastern part of the Ashanti Region and shares boundary with Bekwai Municipal to the west, Ejusu-Juaben Municipal and Bosomtwe District to the North, Asante Akim South to the south and Birim North to the south. Demarcation of the Bosome Freho District Directorate of Agriculture into zones and operational areas and officers assigned to them. In consideration of the land size, location and distribution of towns and villages/communities in the district, agricultural activities are carried out through the demarcated zones and operational areas. Four zones namely Asiwa, Tebeso, Nsuta and Mmorontuo are in place. 16 operational areas exist. Each zone comprises of 4 operational areas. Officers are assigned to the zones and operational areas with their towns and villages/communities. TOPOGRAPHY/RELIEF AND DRAINAGE The topography consists of lowlands, undulating lands (hilly, rocky and even lands) however, the topography is predominantly undulating with some slopes being less than 1%. Even though part of the relief has gentle slopes run-off water causing sheet and gully erosion are prevalent due to high torrential rains. The undulating rocky uplands around the natural inland water body, Lake Bosomtwe could rise between 200 and 400 metres. The district is drained by four principal rivers and tributaries. The rivers are Pra on the northern section, Fre in the middle portion, Sunsu and Anuru occupying the southern part with north eastern corridor being drained by Lake Bosomtwe. The rivers offer opportunity for all year round agriculture to farmers especially vegetable production (cabbage, okro, tomatoes and garden eggs) while the Lake stand out as a great potential for fishing for the people living around it depending on it for their livelihoods and also tourism which is gradually developing for their advantage. SOILS, AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND TYPE The soils in the district offer ideal conditions for the production of cocoa, oil-palm, tubers, cereals and other food and cash crops. Oil Palm and Cassava could be relied on for industrial crops in the district since the soil has the potential to support them. The district which is located in the forest zone of Ghana has layer of ancient rocks which contains large amounts of quartzite made up of granite and gneiss. Hence the dark colour of the surface soil which is rich in nutrients, water and considerable quantity of organic matter which supports crop and animal production. The soils have in light textured surface horizons in which sandy-loams and loams are common. The lower soil horizons have slightly heavier textures while the valley bottoms are clayey textured. The soil texture and structure are favourable for agricultural production. The soils in the district offer ideal condition for the production of tree crops cocoa, oil palm; fruits (citrus, pineapple, banana; Tubers, cassava and yams), cereals (maize and rice), legumes (cowpea and groundnuts), vegetables (cabbage, tomato, garden eggs, okro, pepper) plantain, sugar cane and other food crops). The soils also support grass species and fodder crop species for the rearing of small ruminants (sheep and goats) and big ruminants (cattle). Cassava holds a great potential as a raw material for gari making. This calls for an appropriate processing machine. The soil supports tree species on farms interspersed with trees like Ofram, Cidrella odorata and Teak and using Gliricidia species and Gmelina arborea as live stakes for yam and black pepper production. The soils in some parts of the district especially area around Anyanso drained by river Anuru have been tampered with by the activities of illegal gold miners thereby destroying the soil structure and texture. The district has seven (7) soil types and they include: The Bekwai-Oda Compound Association These soils are developed over lower Birimian rocks, which are moderately drained and are good for the cultivation of both tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, oil palm and pear as well as food crops such as maize, cassava, cocoyam, plantain and banana. The soils are found in Minti, Nsuaem and Amomorso. Asikuma-Atewu-Ansum/Oda compound Association These soils are developed over upper Birimain rocks. They are well drained and suitable for tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil palm and forestry. These are found around Yapesa, Tumiabu and Brofoyedru Kobeda-Amuni-Bekwai Simple Association These soils are developed over upper Birimian rocks, which are moderately deep and well drained. They are suitable for forest reservation and rock quarrying and small farming in pockets of the deeper soils. They are found around Yapesa, Japandu, Esaase, Dunkrura and Banso. Juaso-Manso/Asuboa Pomasua Compound Association These soils are developed over Tarkwaian rocks, which are moderately drained and are good for the cultivation of tree crops such as coffee, cocoa, citrus, oil palm as well as food crops such as maize, plantain, cocoyam, banana and pineapples. The lowland and valley bottom soils are suitable for rice, sugar cane and vegetables. They are found around Nsuta, Tebeso No. 1&2, Asiwa, Abosamso and Nsese. Climate The district falls within the tropical and semi-equatorial climate of which Ghana belongs. It is influenced largely by the warm hot, dry and dusty laden north east trade winds or Harmattan blowing from the Sahara desert during the dry season from December to February. Little or no rainfall is rainfall is recorded. The mean annual rainfall is between 1600mm – 800mm. However, rainfall can be as high as 2160mm per annum with the average around 1960mm. Temperatures It has a fairly high and uniform temperature ranging between 320C and 200C in August. Intermittent sunny conditions prevail from January to December in which temperatures could go to a maximum of 340C The temperature regime and rainfall pattern are conducive for the cultivation of many food crops and tree crops throughout the district. Relative Humidity The district is generally humid with humidity ranging from 90-98% during the night and early mornings of rainy seasons. It is fairly moderate and range between 70 and 80% in the dry season and in the day it falls to 75% and below depending on whether the prevailing wind is Monsoon or Harmattan. Vegetation The District lies in the forest area of Ghana, precisely within the moist deciduous forest agro-ecological zone in which tall trees are common as a result of good rainfall distribution. Some of the tree species are Odum, Wawa, Edinam, Mahogany and Ofram. Parts of the forest have been reserved. The major forest reserve of the district is the Bosomtwe Range Forest Reserve. The ecological unfriendly farming practices and human activities, particularly farming and timber extraction have reduced the primary forest to secondary forest. Chromolaena ordorata, popularly called Acheampong shrub is the predominant vegetative cover in many parts of the district. Geology and Minerals The district is underlain by three geological formations. These are the Birimian, Tarkwain and granitic rocks, which are rich in mineral deposits. The Birimian and the granitic rocks have been identified to have great potentials since they contain such minerals as gold. The minerals found in the District which are yet to be exploited include: Gold at Yapesa Sand and Gravel deposits at Tebeso II, Amomorso, Abosamso, Yawbri and Nsese The untapped mineral deposit at Yapesa needs to be harnessed so as to create jobs and open up these areas for development. Water and Sanitation The availability of water and sanitation facilities, contributes greatly to the health and well-being of the people. DWST field survey and needs assessments from the communities’ show that effective water supply in the Bosome Freho District is about 35% whilst sanitary coverage is about 18%. Implications of the Physical Features for District Development The physical characteristics of the District such as the location and size, relief, climate, soil, vegetation and water resources offer tremendous potentials for the development of the District. Its positive impact could be summarized as follows; Water for irrigation at areas such as Anwiaso, Anuruso, Nsese and Anyanso. Exploitation of the mineral deposit, sand and gravel will generate employment to unemployed youth and also improve the Assembly’s Revenue Mobilization effort. The natural environment such as the Lake Bosomtwe, Bosomtwe Range Forest reserve provide rich tourist attractions which need to be harnessed to its fullest potential for local economic development. In spite of these potentials, the destructive activities by man through lumbering and poor farming practices in the forest belt, pollution of the rivers through fishing is affecting the ecology. Demographic Data The existence of human beings on earth calls for improvement in his living standards. This cannot happen without knowing the number of people in a particular unit area vis-à-vis the entire totality of the area. To this end, the population and analysis of any area need to be looked at critically in terms of the population size, structure, growth rate and their implications on the district development. The structure of the population is critical for development planning and for that matter dictates the educational, health and occupational needs of the people. The size of settlements also determines the water and sanitation needs, the level of human activities and their impact on the environment. Population Size and Growth The 2000 population and Housing Census report indicated that the population of the former Amansie East District was put at 225,309 out of which the Bosome Freho District was created. The population of the Bosome Freho District was estimated at 65,068 representing 30% with a population growth rate of 3%. Categorization of District Population, Sex Composition and Economically Active Population. The district population could be categorized into three main age groups namely 0-14 years constituting children, 15–64 years constituting active working population and 65 plus constituting the Aged. The economically active population is however, put at 15-49 years (2000 census). The high percentage of working age group shows a rather high potential labour force which is good for investors because of the availability of large pool of labour, especially the unskilled. The high working population is also a matter of great concern as a result of the mass unemployment and underemployment during the off farming season. With the introduction of the District Youth Employment Programme it is the hope of the Assembly that quite a number of the active working population would be integrated into the job market. Again, other governmental interventions in relation to job creation would absorb this population to improve the local economic development. Regarding the aged, the life span has been improved in some areas as a result of the improvement in health care delivery save the introduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme and the exemption packages for the aged. Realistic policies and programmes are needed to better their lots. Age and sex distribution/structure Age group Male Female Total 0-14 10,410 9,118 19,528 15-64 14,835.5 16,130 30,965 65 plus 7,808.4 6,767 14,575 33,053 32,015 65,068 The sex of the labour force in agriculture is made up of 50% males and 49.9% females. Approximately 65% of the total population depends on agriculture for their livelihoods and 43.8% of the economically active population is directly engaged in agriculture. The high rate of population of children gives an indication that the provision of basic social infrastructure, (such as day care centres, schools, clinics and recreational centres should be a matter of concern for the district assembly, NGOs and Private Investors. Population Density The population and Housing Census (2000) recorded 103.3 per square kilometre as the District Population Density which is higher than the National Density of 79.3. The high population density has implication on the pressure on land for agricultural land use. The average size of land for farming had reduced. On average a farmer could not get as much as 20-30 hectares of land for commercial farming due to the pressure on land. There is therefore the need for programmes to promote intensive agriculture and non-agricultural activities to develop the District. Major Crops Produced in the Area These include; Tree crops: cocoa and oil palm, Root and tubers: cassava cocoyam and yams Cereal: maize and rice Fruit crops: citrus banana, pineapple, pawpaw and avocado pear Vegetable: Local: tomatoes, garden eggs and hot pepper Exotic: cabbage Legumes: cowpea and groundnuts Others: plantain Marketing of Agricultural Produce Marketing of produce in the District is mainly organized by middlemen. There is only one organized weekly market centre at Nsuta which is held on Wednesday where mainly farm produce and products from the area are marketed and manufactured goods from the cities are also sold. In most cases market women from Obuasi, Bekwai, Konongo and Kumasi move round the villages to mobilize and cart lorry full of foodstuffs such as cassava, plantain, paddy rice and maize. Also vegetables such as cabbages are grown around the Lake Bosomtwe Basin on a large scale which attract buyers from Kumasi, Konongo and Accra. Apart from these, there are few daily markets in some of the communities which are organized on a very smaller scale. The Asiwa market is gradually picking up attracting people from near and beyond. It is held on Thursdays. This system of marketing applies to cash crops such as citrus, oil palm, except cocoa which is marketed through organized marketing companies stationed in strategic locations throughout the District. Agricultural Programme Extension Activities: Assisting farmers with modern farming technologies to help increase yield and income. This is done through farm visits, home visits, establishment of farm Demonstrations. Field Days and workshops. Field Extension staff carry out the above activities on the various crops, animals, Fisheries and Women in Agricultural Development Sector (WIAD) to ensure better results. Block farm concept: About 60 acres of land have been secured to develop next year 2011 to give employment to the youth through block farming. Crops to develop are rice and maize. Veterinary Services: Vaccination and drug administration on farm animals as well as rabies control on dogs being carried out. Reliance on Konongo Veterinary staff since the district lacks veterinary staff. Sustainable tree crop programme i.e. farmers are equipped with the knowledge of improved techniques and agronomic practices of cocoa to increase yield. This is effected with the establishment of farmer field schools. Cocoa nurseries are established and sold to farmers at subsidized prices. Unleashing the Power of Cassava in Africa Project (UPOCA) being implemented by USA and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana. Farmers are given improved cassava varieties such Bankye hemaa, Afisiafe and Essam bankye etc. for food, flour and gari production to improve their living standards. Value addition to the cassava crop produce is the goal of the project. Cocoa Diseases and Pests Control Programme (CODAPEC) being implemented by the Government through Ghana Cocoa Board. Farmers cocoa farms are being sprayed by spraying gangs with insecticides to control capsids and fungicides controlling the black pod disease to increase yield and quality. Agro Processing Potential: Processing of agric produce such as cassava, maize, rice and oil palm needs to be improved and expanded to cater for expected increases in the cultivation of these crops. This will form the basis of offering jobs for the youth. To this end, MOFA has brought into the district high yielding varieties of cassava, rice, maize and oil palm and every effort must be made by communities and groups to take advantage of processing facilities yet to be procured. Formation and encouragement of marketing groups are also given attention. Areas of higher concentration of rice in the district Huntumasua/Huntado Anyanso Anumso Nsuta Anomawobi Nsese Freso Aframase I, II, III Nsuaem I Abosamso Asamama Amormoso Tebeso II Freboye Fertilizer Subsidy Programme: A store accommodation has now been secured for the take off of the programme in the district. 10. Hi-Tech Programme: Cocoa fertilizer has been supplied the district with effect from Tuesday, 26th October, 2010. A 50 kilogram bag of cocoa fertilizer is sold at GH¢25.00 to farmers to apply to their cocoa crop for higher yield and good quality beans. 11. Farmer Based Organizations: They exist in the areas of food crops (oil palm, rice, maize and cabbage), animals and processing (gari, rice, maize and palm oil). 12. Farmers Registration: A number of farmers have been registered in the district from the various communities. A register of farmers is now in place. 13. Crops Sector Cocoyam, yam and pepper hold bright for the district. Major Crops with a competitive advantage are cocoa, oil palm and cabbage. However tomatoes, cassava, rice and plantain could be mentioned. Prevalent crops which do well in the District include: maize and rice as cereals, cassava, yam and cocoyam as root tuber and stem tuber; plantain, oil palm and cocoa as tree crop; citrus, banana and pawpaw as fruits; cowpea and groundnut as legumes, vegetables include cabbage, okro, garden eggs, pepper/chilies, tomato, sugar cane, onions and shallots, non-traditional crops are black pepper, tree species for agro forestry and afforestation interventions include teak, Cidrilla odorata, Ofram and Gliricidia species. a. Diseases and Pests on Crops These prevail but not to a significant level to damage crops. Apart from cocoa which diseases and pests warrant continuous spraying with insecticides and fungicides, the rest of the crops do not receive major agro chemical care. However, with vegetables spraying regime should be designed to contain diseases and pests for better yield. Integrated crop pest management is an intervention to reduce diseases and pests prevalence in the district. b. Improved seeds and planting materials supply Seed maize, seed rice, and seed cowpea are procured from recommended sources at Asuoyeboa Seed Station, Crops Research Institute, Grains and Legumes Development Board and Registered Seeds Growers. Oil Palm Seeds from Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) Kusi-Kade Eastern Region. Cocoa: From Cocoa Seed Production Units of Ghana Cocoa Board. Hybrid pods and seedlings are purchased from the cocoa stations at Kwadaso, Juaso, Bunso, Poano, and Fumso. Citrus: From approved sources at Crops Research institute at Kwadaso and Fumesua. Also recommended Private nurseries and contacting Ministry of Food and Agriculture Staff. Cassava: Contacting Root and Tuber Improvement and Marketing Programme of Ministry (RTIMP) of Food and Agriculture at the Regional Office, Kumasi for Improved Planting Materials sources. Vegetables: Contact Ministry of Food and Agriculture outfit and Registered Private Agricultural Input shops. Plantain: Contact Crops Research Institute, Kwadaso and Fumesua and MOFA Yams: Crops Research institute, Kwadaso and Fumesua. Non Traditional Tree species: Contact MOFA and Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) Fumesua. Also Forestry Commission/Department Black Pepper: Contact MOFA. c. Animals Sector With poultry not very prominent in the district but efforts are being made to upgrade it. Few commercial poultry establishments are in existence in the district which is less than 5. However, local birds crossed with improved cockerels are encountered. Chicken forms the majority. Some turkeys and ducks are reared by some farmers in some of the communities. Some house doves marginally exist. Ruminants: Big (cattle) and small ruminants (sheep and goats) do well in the district. Non-Ruminants (pigs, rabbits and grasscutters) are also reared However, production in the livestock sector is prominent with sheep and goats as small ruminants dominating. This farming is practiced on smaller scales by farmers throughout the district with herds ranging from 1-50 per farmer with average put at 5. Even though it is done on subsistence level, it brings a lot of income to them to supplement their living. Housing is a big problem since little attention is paid to it. Cattle rearing is not common and only found at few places. Pigs are reared and also grasscutter, rabbit and snail for the non-traditional sector. There is no slaughter house in the district. Veterinary attention is minimal but with this sector now being put in place at the District Headquarters at Anyinase-Asiwa, the situation will improve. Diseases and pests of animals prevail. For example PPR, Newcastle and Ecto and Endo Parasites prevail but with proper drug administration and prophylactic measures these are brought under control. Fish Farming: It has a potential in the district since there are swamp ecologies and other water bodies (rivers, Streams, wetlands and the Lake Bosomtwe). d. Credit to Farmers: This facility prevails in the district for farmer groups and individual farmers. However, beneficiaries have to be trustworthy and hardworking. Financial institutions for example the banks and money lenders mostly middlemen as buyers of the produce extend loans to the farmers. Sometimes repayment and recovery of loans to famers become a problem therefore denying the farmers of further financial assistance. The District has only one bank named Nsuaem II Rural Bank Ltd. which extends assistance to farmers. However, the banks in the nearby district also assist. e. Farming Systems: These include mono-cropping, mixed cropping, mixed farming, pastoral farming (limited to cattle, sheep and goats), land rotation and crop rotation, subsistence farming using bush fallowing, shifting cultivation, minimum tillage as a technology for vegetable growers and fish farming around the Lake Bosomtwe. Subsistence farming using bush fallowing is mostly practiced since land is fragmented and on smaller scales among farmers. f. Youth in Agriculture Programme: Under this module of the National Youth Employment Programme, block farming which is to be emphasized in the ensuing years is to engage the youth (18-50 years) in crop (rice and maize), animal (grasscutter and cockerel) as well as cabbage growing in the District. OPPORTUNITIES AND POTENTIALS Fertile soils for arable, tree, fruit and vegetable crop production. Also mushroom could be cultivated. Animal production: poultry, livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) fodder plants and grasses as natural feed are available Non-Traditional Animals: rabbits, grasscutter, snail, beekeeping (apiculture) Fishing: swamp ecologies and other water bodies including wet lands exist. Also the inland lake Bosomtwe provides fishing ground for fishing. Irrigation: dams could be built on rivers and other water bodies in the district for vegetable production. Nearness of the district to the peri-urban Ejisu-Juaben Municipal and Kumasi Metropolitan areas give it an advantage for vegetable production especially cabbage, tomatoes, garden eggs, pepper and okro. Agro processing: The existence of citrus, cassava, oil palm and rice put the district at an advantage for processing industries Afforestation: Seriously being undertaken in the district. Tree species include Cidrella odorata, Teak, Cassia species and Ofram Marketing of Farm Produce: Marketing of farm produce is enhanced due to the districts nearness to Kumasi, a Metropolitan/Urban Area g. Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) and District Assembly MOFA liaises with the District Assembly in all its activities in the district and seeks assistance from it in times of difficulties h. Future Outlook: The future is bright for Agriculture in the district. This is because environmental resources such as fertile soils, water bodies, adequate vegetation for soil organic matter build up, natural rains coupled with human resources exist in the district.